MD: University of Missouri, Kansas City, 1978.
Residency: Anatomic Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 1978-81; Clinical Pathology, Barnes Hospital, St. Louis, MO, 1984-86.
Fellowships: Basic science fellowship, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 1981-84.
Certification: Anatomic and Clinical Pathology, 1987.