MD: Boston University, Boston, MA, 1981.
Residency: Anesthesiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 1984
Fellowship: Pediatric Anesthesia, Chief Anesthesia Fellow, The Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 1985.
Certification: Anesthesiology, 1978, 1986; PALS, 2007; ACLS, 2008.