MD: Temple Medical School, Philadelphia, PA, 1975.
Residency: Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 1975-77; Pediatrics, Dayton Children's Hospital, Dayton, OH 1981-82; Anesthesia, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 1985-87.
Fellowship: Pediatric Anesthesia, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, 1988.
Certification: American Board of Anesthesiology, 1983; American Board of Pediatrics, 1989; Diplomat, American Board Medical Acupuncture, 2001; Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 2004.