Show AllResearch suggests that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the onset of phobias. Specific phobias have been associated with a fearful first encounter with the phobic object or situation. Sometimes children develop phobias by observing fearful reactions by others. Persistent avoidance of feared situations leads to a worsening of symptoms.
Anxiety disorders are common in all ages. The occurrence of specific phobias in children and adolescents is estimated to range from 1 percent to as high as 9.2 percent. While specific phobias often begin in childhood, they must be differentiated from normal developmental fears. Social anxiety disorder is estimated to occur in up to 1.4 percent of children and adolescents. Panic disorder can develop at any age, but most often begins in adolescence or young adulthood.
The following are the most common symptoms that may occur when a child or adolescent is exposed to, or anticipates exposure to, a specific object or situation that produces intense fear or anxiety. However, each child experiences symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:
- Increased heart rate
- Sweating
- Trembling or shaking
- Shortness of breath
- Feeling of choking
- Chest pain or discomfort
- Upset stomach
- Feeling dizzy or faint
- Fear of losing control or going crazy
- Fear of dying
- Numbness
- Chills or hot flashes
In panic attacks, at least four of the symptoms must occur with or without a known and identifiable cause.
The symptoms of a phobia may resemble other medical conditions or psychiatric problems. Always consult your child's physician for a diagnosis.
A child psychiatrist, psychologist or other qualified health or mental health professional usually diagnoses anxiety disorders in children or adolescents following a comprehensive medical and psychiatric evaluation. Parents who note signs of severe anxiety in their child or teen can help by seeking an evaluation and treatment early. Early treatment can prevent future problems.
Specific treatment for phobias will be determined by your child's physician based on:
- Your child's age, overall health and medical history
- Extent of your child's symptoms
- Type of phobia
- Your child's tolerance for specific medications, procedures or therapies
- Expectations for the course of the condition
- Your opinion or preference
Phobias, like other anxiety disorders, can be effectively treated. Treatment should always be based on a comprehensive evaluation of the child and family. Treatment recommendations may include individual or cognitive behavioral therapy for the child (focused on helping the child learn new ways to control anxiety and panic attacks when/if they do occur), family therapy, and consultation with the child's school. Some children may also benefit from treatment with medication -- specifically, medications to stop the occurrence of panic attacks. Parents play a vital supportive role in any treatment process.
Preventive measures to reduce the incidence of phobias in children are not known at this time. However, early detection and intervention can reduce the severity of symptoms, enhance the child's normal growth and development, and improve the quality of life experienced by children or adolescents with anxiety disorders.
For additional information on this or any Health Topic, please call the Family Resource Center, 513-636-7606, or your pediatrician.
