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Newly Identified Proteins Critical to FA Pathway DNA Repair Function

Study Offers New Insights into Cancer Development

Thursday, March 25, 2010

CINCINNATI – Identification of two new proteins in the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway may help explain genetic instability in people with Fanconi anemia and how otherwise healthy people are susceptible to cancer from environmentally triggered DNA damage.    

A study in the March 26 Molecular Cell adds another layer of complexity to the multifaceted Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway. The research was led by scientists in the division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center.

Mounting scientific evidence suggests the FA repair pathway is necessary to limit genomic instability caused by abnormal structural changes during DNA replication and cell division. In some people the pathway is genetically unstable, putting them at risk for the Fanconi anemia blood disorder, physical defects and possibly cancer.

“Although only a small number of people have Fanconi anemia, this study helps us explain the very intricate steps that occur during DNA repair processes and how defects in DNA repair processes can lead to cancer in the general population,” said Amom Ruhikanta Meetei, PhD, senior investigator on the study.

The researchers show how the two novel proteins – which they named MHF1 and MHF2 – work together to bind to specific DNA structures and are “indispensable for the functional integrity of the FA pathway.” The proteins were identified working through a specific core component protein of the FA pathway called FANCM, one of eight currently known to make up the FA core complex.

FA cells are extremely sensitive to exposure from agents that can cause DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), abnormal structures that block DNA replication. When disruptions from environmental factors or inherent genetic instability create the possibility for ICLs, the study shows that MHF1 and MHF2 help FANCM prevent or repair these crosslinks, which if unresolved can lead to cell defects and disease

The researchers also report that loss of MHF1 alone disrupts normal function of the entire FA pathway. In fact, when the researchers suppressed MHF1, it destabilized FANCM and caused increased chromosome aberrations after exposure to capothecin, an agent that causes ICLs.

As they move forward with their research, the investigators next want to analyze cells from people who have Fanconi anemia to see if they detect mutations in MHF1 or MHF2 that could help explain genetic instability in these patients, said Thiyam Ramsing Singh, PhD, first author on the study and a member of Dr. Meetei’s laboratory. 

The precise molecular functions of the FA pathway and how they influence the development of cancers are still being uncovered. The identification of FANCM as part of the FA core complex and its DNA repair function was an important step forward, and was first reported in 2005 by Dr. Meetei and his research colleagues.

Funding support for this study came from the National Institutes of Health, the Fanconi Anemia Research Fund and the American Society of Hematology Junior Faculty Award. Also collaborating on the study were researchers from the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, and the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics at the University of Kentucky, College of Medicine.

About Cincinnati Children’s

Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center is one of 10 children’s hospitals in the United States to make the Honor Roll in U.S. News and World Reports 2009-10 America’s Best Children’s Hospitals issue.  It is #1 ranked for digestive disorders and is also highly ranked for its expertise in respiratory diseases, cancer, neonatal care, heart care, neurology/neurosurgery, diabetes, orthopedics, kidney disorders and urology. One of the three largest children’s hospitals in the U.S., Cincinnati Children’s is affiliated with the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and is one of the top two recipients of pediatric research grants from the National Institutes of Health.

President Barack Obama in June 2009 cited Cincinnati Children’s as an “island of excellence” in health care. For its achievements in transforming health care, Cincinnati Children’s is one of six U.S. hospitals since 2002 to be awarded the American Hospital Association-McKesson Quest for Quality Prize for leadership and innovation in quality, safety and commitment to patient care. The hospital is a national and international referral center for complex cases. Additional information can be found at www.cincinnatichildrens.org.