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Yolk Sac or Germ Cell Tumor

Signs and Symptoms of a Germ Cell Tumor

Signs and symptoms depend on the tumor location. Within the testes, the tumor is a visible, painless, firm swelling or may lead to early puberty.

In the ovary it is not as visible, and the tumor may grow very large before being noticed. This can lead to abdominal pain and abdominal swelling. Other symptoms can lead to abnormal vaginal bleeding or early puberty.

In the sacrococcygeal area, it may be seen as a swelling of the buttocks often mistaken for a bruise or infection.

Tumors in the chest can present with chest pain, cough or shortness of breath.

Diagnosis of a Germ Cell Tumor

These cancer cells secrete specific hormones, two of which are alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). A blood test that shows an increase in either of these can help with the diagnosis. Your doctor may also check for an elevated LDH (lactate dehydrogenase). Other studies may include an ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. A biopsy will be needed for final diagnosis. The biopsy (surgical removal of part of the mass) is done under general anesthesia, meaning the child is not conscious and will not feel any pain. Germ cell tumors can be diagnosed in utero as well (before birth). Sacrococcygeal teratomas are the most common germ cell tumor of childhood and the most frequently recognized neoplasm (tumor) of the fetus.

Stages of a Germ Cell Tumor

The staging depends on whether the tumor is in only one place or if it has spread to other parts of the body.

Treatment of a Germ Cell Tumor

Treatment decisions are made depending on the stage and location of the tumor. Surgery is the most effective treatment if the tumor is in one location. The need for chemotherapy and radiation depends on tumor type, location and spread of tumor. Timing of chemotherapy and amount of chemotherapy will be decided by your doctor.

Long-term Outlook

Prognosis for germ cell tumors varies greatly depending on multiple factors, including type, location and staging of the tumor, and the child’s age. In general, those with higher stage tumors are at risk for poorer outcomes.

Contact Us

For additional information on this topic, please contact us at cancer@cchmc.org.